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| -- 作者：浅笑飞霞 -- 发布时间：2004-7-17 0:04:00 -- 考研英语阅读真题集锦(语言,难句,篇章释意) 第一辑 2003年阅读真题 Text 1 Wild Bill Donovan would have loved the Internet. The American spymaster who built the Office of Strategic Services in World War II and later laid the roots for the CIA was fascinated with information. Donovan believed in using whatever tools came to hand in the “great game” of espionage—spying as a “profession.” These days the Net, which has already re-made such everyday pastimes as buying books and sending mail, is reshaping Donovan’s vocation as well. The last revolution isn’t simply a matter of gentlemen reading other gentlemen’s email. That kind of electronic spying has been going on for decades. In the past three or four years, the World Wide Web has given birth to a whole industry of point-and-click spying. The spooks call it “open-source intelligence,” and as the Net grows, it is becoming increasingly influential. In 1995 the CIA held a contest to see who could compile the most data about Burundi. The winner, by a large margin, was a tiny Virginia company called Open Source Solutions, whose clear advantage was its mastery of the electronic world. Among the firms making the biggest splash in the new world is Straitford, Inc., a private intelligence-analysis firm based in Austin, Texas. Straitford makes money by selling the results of spying(covering nations from Chile to Russia) to corporations like energy-services firm McDermott International. Many of its predictions are available online at www.straitford.com. Straitford president George Friedman says he sees the online world as a kind of mutually reinforcing tool for both information collection and distribution, a spymaster’s dream. Last week his firm was busy vacuuming up data bits from the far concerns of the world and predicting a crisis in Ukraine. “As soon as that report runs, we’ll suddenly get 500 new internet sign-ups from Ukraine,” says Friedman, a former political science professor. “And we’ll hear back from some of them.” Open-source spying does have its risks, of course, since it can be difficult to tell good information from bad. That’s where Straitford earns its keep. Friedman relies on a lean staff of 20 in Austin. Several of his staff member have military-intelligence backgrounds. He sees the firm’s outsider status as the key to its success. Straitford’s brief don’t sound like the usual Washington back-and-forthing, whereby agencies avoid dramatic declarations on the chance they might be wrong. Straitford, says Friedman, takes pride in its independent voice. 41. The emergence of the Net has A received support from fans like Donovan B remold the intelligence services C restored many common pastimes D revived spying as a profession 42. Donovan’s story is mentioned in the text to A introduce the topic of online spying B show how he fought for the U.S. C give an episode of the information war D honor his unique services to the CIA 43. The phrase “making the biggest splash”(line1,paragraph3) most probably means A causing the biggest trouble B exerting the greatest effort C achieving the greatest success D enjoying the widest popularity 44. It can be learned from paragraph4 that A causing the biggest trouble B exerting the greatest effort C achieving the greatest success D enjoying the widest popularity 45. Straitford is most proud of its A official status B nonconformist image C efficient staff D military background |
| -- 作者：浅笑飞霞 -- 发布时间：2004-7-17 0:10:00 -- 分类:传播学,互联网发展. 内容:这是一篇新闻体的文章,主要讲述当今网络间谍行业的发展情况. 段落大意: 1 提到超级间谍窦诺文时为了引出网络间谍活动这个话题. 2网络间谍行业的兴起 3后三段,介绍一家成功的网络间谍公司,作者以次为例说明这个行业是如何兴起的. |
| -- 作者：浅笑飞霞 -- 发布时间：2004-7-17 0:32:00 -- 语言词汇: 1straitgic战略的,合于战略的 2lay the roots of扎根于 3fascinate使着迷,使神魂颠倒 4give birth to 生产(婴儿),产生,造成 5intelligence智力,才智,消息,情报 6influential有影响的,有权势的 7compile编辑,搜索 8margin余地,幅度,边缘,页边空白 9splash溅,飞溅声 10prediction预言,预测,预报 11mutual相互的,彼此的,共同的 12reinforce增强,加强,加固 13vacuum真空,真空状态 14dramatic戏剧的,戏剧性的,剧烈的 15declaration宣言,宣布,声明 16take pride in以为骄傲 17emergence出现,显露 18restore回复,使回复,归还,交还,修复,重建 19pastime消遣,娱乐 20revive复兴,复生 21nonconformist不遵从社会标准者 22efficient有能力的,能胜任的 |
| -- 作者：浅笑飞霞 -- 发布时间：2004-7-17 0:50:00 -- 难句解析: 1 The American spymaster who built the Office of Strategic Services in World War II and later laid the roots for the CIA was fascinated with information. 结构剖析: 主干是The American spymaster was fascinated with information. Spymaster的后面是一个定语从句,从句包含由and连接的两个并列句. 参考译文: 这位美国超级间谍对情报尤为着迷.他在二战中创建了战略服务处,也是后来的中央情报局的奠基人. 2 These days the Net, which has already re-made such everyday pastimes as buying books and sending mail, is reshaping Donovan’s vocation as well. 结构剖析: 主干是the Net s reshaping Donovan’s vocation. 中间是一个非限制性定语从句,用来补充说明the Net. 参考译文: 互联网已经改变了像购书和寄信这样的日常消遣,现在也正在改变Donovan 所从事的职业. 3 The winner, by a large margin, was a tiny Virginia company called Open Source Solutions, whose clear advantage was its mastery of the electronic world. 结构剖析: 主干是The winner was a tiny Virginia company. Company 后面有一个过去分词短语和一个定语从句共同修饰它. 参考译文: 以明显优势赢得比赛的是一家位于弗吉尼亚的小公司, 名叫 “公开渠道咨询公司”, 它的明显优势就是对电子世界的全面把握. 4 Straitford’s brief don’t sound like the usual Washington back-and-forthing, whereby agencies avoid dramatic declarations on the chance they might be wrong. 结构剖析: 主干是straitford’s brief don’t sound like the usual Washington back-and-forthing. 参考译文: straitford 公司的简报不同于华盛顿的常规往来公文, 在各部门出言谨慎,尽量避免激烈的措词. |
| -- 作者：浅笑飞霞 -- 发布时间：2004-7-17 1:11:00 -- 答案: bacdb 题目解析: 41 细节题, 问网络出现导致了什么结果. 第一段最后一句, 网络的出现正在改变着窦诺文所从事过的间谍行业. Remold=reshape 42 意图题, 问文章开头为何提到间谍Donovan. 该间谍虽然现今无缘享用互联网, 但是无疑他如果有缘, 也会喜欢互联网的, 说明网络是获取情报的好工具, 从而, 我们看出, 提及此人是为了引出本文话题. 43 词义题, making the biggest splash 指赚钱最多, 最为成功. 44 推理题, 问第四段的推理. 段落最后, 看出这家公司正是由于鉴别真假情报服务客户, 而兴旺( earn one’s keep) . 45 细节题, 问公司最自豪的是什么. 最后一段强调圈外人的地位(outsider status), 独立的声音(independent voice), 是该公司成功的关键, 可见, 答案是: 非正统, 非常规的形象. |
| -- 作者：浅笑飞霞 -- 发布时间：2004-7-17 1:12:00 -- Text 2 To paraphrase 18th-century statesman Edmund Burke,“all that is needed for the triumph of a misguided cause is that good people do nothing.”One such cause now seeks to end biomedical research because of the theory that animals have rights ruling out their use in research. Scientists need to respond forcefully to animal rights advocates, whose arguments are confusing the public and thereby threatening advances in health knowledge and care. Leaders of the animal rights movement target biomedical research because it depends on public funding, and few people understand the process of health care research. Hearing allegations of cruelty to animals in research settings, many are perplexed that anyone would deliberately harm an animal. For example, a grandmotherly woman staffing an animal rights booth at a recent street fair was distributing a brochure that encouraged readers not to use anything that comes from or is tested in animals-no meat, no fur, no medicines. Asked if she opposed immunizations, she wanted to know if vaccines come from animal research. When assured that they do, she replied,“Then I would have to say yes.”Asked what will happen when epidemics return, she said,“Don’t worry, scientists will find some way of using computers.”Such well-meaning people just don\'s understand. Scientists must communicate their message to the public in a compassionate, understandable way-in human terms, not in the language of molecular biology. We need to make clear the connection between animal research and a grandmother\'s hip replacement, a father\'s bypass operation a baby\'s vaccinations, and even a pet\'s shots. To those who are unaware that animal research was needed to produce these treatments, as well as new treatments and vaccines, animal research seems wasteful at best and cruel at worst. Much can be done. Scientists could“adopt”middle school classes and present their own research. They should be quick to respond to letters to the editor, lest animal rights misinformation go unchallenged and acquire a deceptive appearance of truth. Research institutions could be opened to tours, to show that laboratory animals receive humane care. Finally, because the ultimate stakeholders are patients, the health research community should actively recruit to its cause not only well-known personalities such as Stephen Cooper, who has made courageous statements about the value of animal research, but all who receive medical treatment. If good people do nothing there is a real possibility that an uninformed citizenry will extinguish the precious embers of medical progress. 46.The author begins his article with Edmund Burke\'s words to A. call on scientists to take some actions. B. criticize the misguided cause of animal rights. C. warn of the doom of biomedical research. D. show the triumph of the animal rights movement. 47.Misled people tend to think that using an animal in research is A. cruel but natural. B. inhuman and unacceptable. C. inevitable but vicious. D. pointless and wasteful. 48.The example of the grandmotherly woman is used to show the public\'s A. discontent with animal research. B. ignorance about medical science. C. indifference to epidemics. D. anxiety about animal rights. 49.The author believes that, in face of the challenge from animal rights advocates, scientists should A. communicate more with the public. B. employ hi-tech means in research. C. feel no shame for their cause. D. strive to develop new cures. 50. From the text we learn that Stephen Cooper is A. a well-known humanist. B. a medical practitioner. C. an enthusiast in animal rights. D. a supporter of animal research. [此贴子已经被作者于2004-7-17 1:50:00编辑过] |
| -- 作者：浅笑飞霞 -- 发布时间：2004-7-17 1:18:00 -- 分类:自然科学,动物保护 体裁:论说文. 段落大意: 1作者指出, 科学家应对动物权利倡导者的言论进行驳斥, 否则不明就里的公众会被蒙蔽利用. 2举例说明,许多人确实不了解医学需要动物的重要. 3后两段,作者对科学家提出行动建议,"如果好人再不行动,那不明就里的公众真的会浇灭医疗进步的宝贵火种." [此贴子已经被作者于2004-7-17 1:20:55编辑过] |
| -- 作者：浅笑飞霞 -- 发布时间：2004-7-17 1:32:00 -- 语言词汇: 1paragrase释意,意译,解述 2triumph胜利,成功 3misguided误导的 4advocate倡议者,鼓吹者 5argument争论,辩论,论据,论点 6allegation声称,宣称 7perplex使困惑,使复杂化 8deliberate故意的 9booth摊位 10brochure小册子 11immunization免疫 12epidemic流行病,传播 13bypass旁路 14lest惟恐,免得 15deceptive欺骗的,蒙蔽的 16ultimate最后的,最终的 17extinguish熄灭,消灭 18doom厄运 19inevtable不可避免的,必然发生的 20vicious恶毒的,凶残的 21ignorance无知,愚昧,不知道 |
| -- 作者：浅笑飞霞 -- 发布时间：2004-7-17 1:58:00 -- 难句解析: 1 all that is needed for the triumph of a misguided cause is that good people do nothing. 结构剖析: 谓语是is . all后面是一个that定语从句,谓语is后面是表语从句. 参考译文: 那些给人带来误导的运动之所以能够得逞,就是因为好人没有采取行动. 2 Scientists need to respond forcefully to animal rights advocates, whose arguments are confusing the public and thereby threatening advances in health knowledge. 结构剖析: 主干是Scientists need to respond to advocate. 后边是个非限制性定语从句,whose=animal rights advocates. 参考译文: 科学家需要对动物权利倡导者作出强有力的反击, 因为这些人的言论蛊惑人心, 因而也威胁到了健康医疗知识方面的进步. 3 For example, a grandmotherly woman staffing an animal rights booth at a recent street fair was distributing a brochure that encouraged readers not to use anything that comes from or is tested in animals-no meat, no fur, no medicines. 结构剖析: 主干是a woman was distributing a brochure. brochure 后面有一个定语从句修饰它, anything后面也有一个定语从句修饰它. 参考译文: 比如说,在最近的一次街头集市上, 一位供职于动物权利摊位的像祖母一样的女士在分发宣传小册子, 鼓励读着不要使用任何涉及动物或者用动物做实验的物品—不要吃肉, 不要穿毛皮, 不要吃药. |
| -- 作者：浅笑飞霞 -- 发布时间：2004-7-17 2:09:00 -- 4 To those who are unaware that animal research was needed to produce these treatments, as well as new treatments and vaccines, animal research seems wasteful at best and cruel at worst. 结构剖析: 主干是animal research seems wasteful at best and cruel at worst. Who引导的定语从句修饰those. 参考译文: 对那些没有意识到通过动物研究才能开发出这样的治疗方案, 才能开发新方案和新疫苗的人来说, 动物研究往最好的方面看也只是浪费,往最坏的方面看则是残忍. 5 Finally, because the ultimate stakeholders are patients, the health research community should actively recruit to its cause not only well-known personalities such as Stephen Cooper, who has made courageous statements about the value of animal research, but all who receive medical treatment. 结构剖析: 主干是the health research community should actively recruit to its cause not only…but… . who 引导的非限制性定语从句, 补充说明Cooper的情况. 参考译文: 最后,因为投下赌注的最终还是病人, 所以医学研究界不但要努力邀请像Stephen Cooper这样的知名人士来支持自己的事业(他已经勇敢地作出了动物研究价值的有关声明) 还力图得到所有接受医疗的人的支持. |
| -- 作者：浅笑飞霞 -- 发布时间：2004-7-17 2:10:00 -- 答案: ABBAD |
| -- 作者：cherrie皮皮 -- 发布时间：2004-7-17 9:23:00 -- 好银好银！ |
| -- 作者：浅笑飞霞 -- 发布时间：2004-7-17 21:17:00 -- :)谢谢.不知道有没有用,贴了再说吧,有用的上的人就行. |
| -- 作者：浅笑飞霞 -- 发布时间：2004-7-17 21:31:00 -- 题目解析: 46 细节题, 问作者在文章开头引用波克的话是什么目的.第一段,作者是想借此表明自己的看法:科学家该行动了,该反驳了,所以选a 47细节题, 问被误导了的人们往往会对医疗研究用动物进行持何等看法.1段3段末句,看出,这些人认为将动物用于研究是残忍的,所以选b 48写作意图题, 象看出作者的意图,通过2段末句可以看出,事实是这些善良的人们不了解实际情况. 49作者观点题, 问面对动物权利倡导者的挑战,作者认为科学家该怎么办,很显然,作者认为科学家应该更多地与公众沟通.所以选a 50细节节题, 问cooper是什么人.答案在5段finally后面,这句话看出此人是支持动物用于医学科研的. |
| -- 作者：joankitty -- 发布时间：2004-7-17 22:16:00 -- 做好事的值得大家瞻仰哦！ 帮你顶！ |
| -- 作者：浅笑飞霞 -- 发布时间：2004-7-17 22:22:00 -- Text 3 In recent years, railroads have been combining with each other, mergingsintossuper systems, causing heightened concerns about monopoly. As recently as 1995,the top four railroads accounted for under 70 percent of the total ton-miles moved by rails. Next year, after a series of mergers is completed, just four railroads will control well over 90 percent of all the freight moved by major rail carriers. Supporters of the new super systems argue that these mergers will allow for substantial cost reductions and better coordinated service. Any threat of monopoly, they argue, is removed by fierce competition from trucks. But many shippers complain that for heavy bulk commodities traveling long distances, such as coal, chemicals, and grain, trucking is too costly and the railroads therefore have them by the throat. The vast consolidation within the rail industry means that most shippers are served by only one rail company. Railroads typically charge such“captive”shippers 20 to 30 percent more than they do when another railroad is competing for the business. Shippers who feel they are being overcharged have the right to appeal to the federal government\'s Surface Transportation Board for rate relief, but the process is expensive, time consuming, and will work only in truly extreme cases. Railroads justify rate discrimination against captive shippers on the grounds that in the long run it reduces everyone\'s cost. If railroads charged all customers the same average rate, they argue, shippers who have the option of switching to trucks or other forms of transportation would do so, leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line. It\'s theory to which many economists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail.“Do we really want railroads to be the arbiters of who wins and who loses in the marketplace?”asks Martin Bercovici, a Washington lawyer who frequently represents shipper. Many captive shippers also worry they will soon be his with a round of huge rate increases. The railroad industry as a whole, despite its brightening fortuning fortunes. still does not earn enough to cover the cost of the capital it must invest to keep up with its surging traffic. Yet railroads continue to borrow billions to acquire one another, with Wall Street cheering them on. Consider the .2 billion bid by Norfolk Southern and CSX to acquire Conrail this year. Conrail\'s net railway operating income in 1996 was just million, less than half of the carrying costs of the transaction. Who\'s going to pay for the rest of the bill? Many captive shippers fear that they will, as Norfolk Southern and CSX increase their grip on the market. 51.According to those who support mergers railway monopoly is unlikely because A. cost reduction is based on competition. B. services call for cross-trade coordination. C. outside competitors will continue to exist. D. shippers will have the railway by the throat. 52.What is many captive shippers\' attitude towards the consolidation in the rail industry? A. Indifferent. B. Supportive. C. Indignant. D. Apprehensive. 53.It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that A. shippers will be charged less without a rival railroad. B. there will soon be only one railroad company nationwide. C. overcharged shippers are unlikely to appeal for rate relief. D. a government board ensures fair play in railway business. 54.The word“arbiters”(line 7,paragraph 4)most probably refers to those A. who work as coordinators. B. who function as judges. C. who supervise transactions. D. who determine the price. 55.According to the text, the cost increase in the rail industry is mainly caused by A. the continuing acquisition. B. the growing traffic. C. the cheering Wall Street. D. the shrinking market. |
| -- 作者：浅笑飞霞 -- 发布时间：2004-7-17 22:40:00 -- 分类:社会科学,经济学. 内容:近几年铁路公司的合并现象,对比支持合并的一方与发货商一方态度的不同. 段落大意: 1 指出近年来铁路行业的合并现象. 2对比支持合并的一方与发货商一方截然相反的态度. 3后三段,介绍发货商一方对合并后可能出现的运费上涨的极度忧虑.作者似乎站在发货商一方. |
| -- 作者：浅笑飞霞 -- 发布时间：2004-7-17 22:50:00 -- 语言词汇: 1combine使结合,联合,化合 2monopoly垄断,专卖 3freight运费 4substantial实质的,坚固的 5coordinate使平等,使协调 6fiere激烈的 7consolidation巩固,加强 8appeal to恳求 9captive被俘虏的 10extreme极端的 11discrimination区别 12subscribe订阅,定购 13flourish繁荣 14arbiter仲裁者,权威者 15transaction办理,处理 16indignant愤慨的 17apprehensive忧虑的,担心的 |
| -- 作者：浅笑飞霞 -- 发布时间：2004-7-17 23:01:00 -- 难句解析: 1 But many shippers complain that for heavy bulk commodities traveling long distances, such as coal, chemicals, and grain, trucking is too costly and the railroads therefore have them by the throat. 结构剖析: 宾语从句. 参考译文: 但是许多发货商都抱怨说,运输像煤炭,化肥和粮食这样的大宗货物时,通过公路来运输成本太高,而铁路公司因此会主宰一切. 2 Shippers who feel they are being overcharged have the right to appeal to the federal government\'s Surface Transportation Board for rate relief, but the process is expensive, time consuming, and will work only in truly extreme cases. 结构剖析: 并列句. 参考译文: 那些感觉自己正在被敲诈的发货商有权利向联邦政府的交通运输协会提出指控,要求降低费率,但是这样做费用很高,过程耗时,而且只在极个别的案例中有效. 3 If railroads charged all customers the same average rate, they argue, shippers who have the option of switching to trucks or other forms of transportation would do so, leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line. 结构剖析:if引导的条件状语从句. 主干是shippers would do so. shippers 后面有一个who引导的定语从句. 参考译文: 他们争论说,如果对所有的客户都收取一样平均的费用, 那些可以转向公路或者其他交通手段的发货商就会这么做,致使剩余的客户承担维持铁路经营的成本费用. 4 It\'s theory to which many economists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail. 结构剖析:but引导的并列句. 参考译文: 经济学家采纳了这种做法,但实际上这使得铁路公司可以决定哪些公司繁荣兴旺,哪些公司濒临倒闭. [此贴子已经被作者于2004-7-17 23:09:15编辑过] |
| -- 作者：浅笑飞霞 -- 发布时间：2004-7-17 23:10:00 -- 答案:cdcba. |
| -- 作者：浅笑飞霞 -- 发布时间：2004-7-17 23:19:00 -- 题目解析: 51 细节题, 问支持合并的人为何认为垄断不会发生,2段2句,看出竞争对手依然存在,选c. 52细节题, 问被动发货商对铁路集团的出现持何态度.3段和末段一句,看出,发货商显得比较担心,所以选d. 53推理题, 3段末,看出,发货商不太可能打耗时耗力的官司.所以选c . 54词义题, 文中讲,铁路公司将决定市场中的公司成败,所以,是决定者的意思,选b. 55细节题, 问铁路行业成本上升的主要原因.末段2句,看出,原因在于铁路公司的一味合并.所以选a. |
| -- 作者：浅笑飞霞 -- 发布时间：2004-7-17 23:20:00 -- Text 4 It is said that in England death is pressing, in Canada inevitable and in California optional Small wonder. Americans\' life expectancy has nearly doubled over the past century. Failing hips can be replaced, clinical depression controlled, cataracts removed in a 30-minuts surgical procedure. Such advances offer the aging population a quality of life that was unimaginable when I entered medicine 50 years ago. But not even a great health-care system can cure death-and our failure to confront that reality now threatens this greatness of ours. Death is normal; we are genetically programmed to disintegrate and perish, even under ideal conditions. We all understand that at some level, yet as medical consumers we treat death as a problem to be solved. Shielded by third-party payers from the cost of our care, we demand everything that can possibly be done for us, even if it\'s useless. The most obvious example is late-stage cancer care. Physicians-frustrated by their inability to cure the disease and fearing loss of hope in the patient-too often offer aggressive treatment far beyond what is scientifically justified. In1950, the U.S. spent .7 billion on health care. In 2002, the cost will be billion. Anyone can see this trend is unsustainable. Yet few seem willing to try to reverse it. Some scholars conclude that a government with finite resources should simply stop paying for medical care that sustains life beyond a certain age-----say 83 or so. Former Colorado governor Richard Lamm has been quoted as saying that the old and infirm“have a duty todie and get out of the way”,so that younger, healthier people can realize their potential. I would not go that far. Energetic people now routinely work through their 60s and beyond, and remain dazzlingly productive. At 78,Viacom chairman Sumner Redstone jokingly claims to be 53.Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O\'Connor is in her 70s,and former surgeon general C.Everett Koop chairs an Internet start-up in his 80s.These leaders are living proof that prevention works and that we can manage the health problems that come naturally with age. As a mere 68-year-old,I wish to age as productively as they have. Yet there are limits to what a society can spend in this pursuit. Ask a physician, I know the most costly and dramatic measures may be ineffective and painful. I also know that people in Japan and Sweden, countries that spend far less on medical care, have achieved longer, healthier lives than we have. As a nation, we may be overfunding the quest for unlikely cures while underfunding research on humbler therapies that could improve people\'s lives. 56.What is implied in the first sentence? A. Americans are better prepared for death than other people. B. Americans enjoy a higher life quality than ever before. C. Americans are over-confident of their medical technology. D. Americans take a vain pride in their long life expectancy. 57.The author uses the example of caner patients to show that A. medical resources are often wasted. B. doctors are helpless against fatal diseases. C. some treatments are too aggressive. D. medical costs are becoming unaffordable. 58.The author\'s attitude to ward Richard Lamm\'s remark is one of A. strong disapproval. B. reserved consent. C. slight contempt. D. enthusiastic support. 59.In contras to the U.S. ,Japan and Sweden are funding their medical care A. more flexibly. B. more extravagantly. C .more cautiously. D. more reasonably. 60.The text intends to express the idea that A medicine will further prolong people\'s lives. B. life beyond a certain limit is not worth living. C. death should be accepted as a fact of life. D. excessive demands increase the cost of health care. |
| -- 作者：浅笑飞霞 -- 发布时间：2004-7-17 23:23:00 -- 答案:cabdc. |
| -- 作者：浅笑飞霞 -- 发布时间：2004-7-18 21:28:00 -- 分类:社会科学,死亡问题. 内容:阐述了死亡是不可避免的,很多美国人想回避死亡,作者认为国家不要在涉及死亡的医疗研究上投入太多. 段落大意: 1 死亡不可避免. 22段3段,美国人想回避死亡. 34段批评拉莫过于极端的说法. 45段说国家在涉及死亡的投入方面不应过多. |
| -- 作者：浅笑飞霞 -- 发布时间：2004-7-18 21:35:00 -- 语言词汇: 1pressing紧急的,紧迫的 2optional可供选择的,任意的 3depression消沉,萧条 4confront面临 5disintegrate解体,使分解 6perish丧生,毁灭 7frustrate挫败,阻挠,使灰心 8aggressive大胆的 9unsustainable间断的,不持续的 10reverse颠倒,使倒退 11pursuit追求 12dramatic戏剧性的 13therapy治疗,理疗 14fatal致命的,毁灭性的 |
| -- 作者：浅笑飞霞 -- 发布时间：2004-7-18 21:59:00 -- 难句解析: 1 Failing hips can be replaced, clinical depression controlled, cataracts removed in a 30-minuts surgical procedure. 结构剖析: control的前面和remove的前面省略了can be. 参考译文: 股骨出了毛病可以换掉,临床性情绪低落可以控制,白内障只需30分钟的外科手术即可解决. 2 Shielded by third-party payers from the cost of our care, we demand everything that can possibly be done for us, even if it\'s useless. 结构剖析: 主干是we demand everything . everything后边是个定语从句. 参考译文: 由于第三方帮我们支付医疗费用的保障,我们便要求医生为我们做所能做的一切,即便有时毫无用处. 3 Physicians-frustrated by their inability to cure the disease and fearing loss of hope in the patient-too often offer aggressive treatment far beyond what is scientifically justified结构剖析: 主干是Physicians offer treatmen. 参考译文: 由于无法治愈这种疾病所带来的挫折感和害怕病人失去希望的恐惧感,医生只能频繁使用大胆的治疗方法乃至大大超出科学的合理范围. 4 I also know that people in Japan and Sweden, countries that spend far less on medical care, have achieved longer, healthier lives than we have. 结构剖析: 主干是 I know that, 后面跟宾语从句.从句谓语是have achieved 参考译文: 我也知道,在日本和瑞典,这两个国家在医疗方面的花消远比我们少的多,但他们国家的人民比我们更长寿,更健康. |
| -- 作者：浅笑飞霞 -- 发布时间：2004-7-18 22:00:00 -- Part B Directions: Read the following text carefully and the translate the underlines segmentssintosChinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(10 points) Human beings in all times and places think about their world and wonder at their place in it. Humans are thoughtful and creative, possessed of insatiable curiosity.(61)Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live, thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies. Therefore, it is important to study humans in all their richness and diversity in a calm and systematic manner, with the hope that the knowledge resulting from such studies can lead humans to a more harmonious way of living with themselves and with all other life forms on this planet Earth. “Anthropology”derives from the Greek words“anthropos”:“human”and logos“the study of.”By its very name, anthropology encompasses the study of all humankind. Anthropology is one of the social sciences.(62)Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned(原文如此) manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena. Social science disciplines include geography, economics, political science, psychology, and sociology. Each of these social sciences has a subfield or specialization which lies particularly close to anthropology. All the social sciences focus upon the study of humanity. Anthropology is a field-study oriented discipline which makes extensive use of the comparative method in analysis.(63)The emphasis on data gathered first-hand, combined with a cross-cultural perspective brought to the analysis of cultures past and present, makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science. Anthropological analyses rest heavily upon the concept of culture. Sir Edward Tylor’s formulation of the concept of culture was one of the great intellectual achievements of 19th century science.(64)Tylor defined culture as“…that complex whole which includes belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.”This insight, so profound in its simplicity, opened up an entirely new way of perceiving and understanding human life. Implicit within Tylor’s definition is the concept that culture is learned. shared, and patterned behavior. (65)Thus, the anthropological concept of“culture,”like the concept of“set”in mathematics, is an abstract concept which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding. |
| -- 作者：浅笑飞霞 -- 发布时间：2004-7-18 22:01:00 -- 61.而且，人类还有能力改变自己的生存环境，从而是让所有其它形态的生命服从人类自己独特的想法和想象。 62.社会科学是知识探索的一个分支，它力图像自然科学家研究自然现象那样，用理性的、有序的、系统的和冷静的方式研究人类及其行为。 63.强调收集第一手资料，加上在分析过去和现在文化形态时采用跨文化视角，使得这一研究成为一门独特并且非常重要的社会科学。 64.泰勒把文化定义为“……一个复合整体，它包括人作为社会成员所获得的信仰、艺术、道德、法律、风俗以及其它能力和习惯”。 65.因此，人类学中“文化”概念就像数学中“集”的概念一样，是一个抽象概念，它使大量的具体研究和认识成为可能。 |
| -- 作者：浅笑飞霞 -- 发布时间：2004-7-18 22:10:00 -- text1 王尔德.比尔.窦诺文会喜欢互联网的,这位美国超级间谍在二战中创建了战略服务处,也是后来的中央情报局德奠基人,他对情报可谓痴迷.窦诺文认为,应利用所能触及的一切工具去进行间谍活动这一"极妙游戏"--间谍活动应视为一门"专业".41互联网络已经改变了像购书和寄信这样的日常消遣,现在则正在改变窦诺文所从事的职业. 最近的这次变革不是简单地让某人去读他人的电子邮件,那种电子间谍活动 已经进行了几十年了.在近来的三四年间,互联网已经造就了一种叫做点击间谍的 新行当.间谍们称之为"公开渠道情报",而且随着互联网络的扩张,改行业的影响 也日渐增大.1995年,中央情报局曾举行一次比赛,看谁能收集到最多的关于布隆迪 的数据情报,结果以大比分赢得比赛的是弗吉尼亚的一家小公司,名叫"公开渠道 信息咨询公司",它的明显优势便是对电子世界的全面把握. 43在这个新领域中最成功的公司之一是斯特拉夫特有限公司,这是一家位于德克撒斯 州的奥斯汀市的私营情报分析公司.斯特拉夫特公司通过出售间谍情报(涉及从智利 到俄罗斯的许多国家)给一些公司来赢利,诸如麦克德莫跨国集团这样的能源服务 公司.斯特拉夫特公司的许多分析预测均可在www.straitford.com网站查询. 斯特拉夫特公司总裁乔治.弗里德曼说,网络世界是一个收集情报和发送情报的工具, 两者之间还能互相强化,简直就是超级间谍的天堂.上周,他的公司就忙着从世界各地收集 信息,去预测在乌克兰可能发生的危机."报告一旦发布,我们在乌克兰将突增500个新的 网络用户的注册",前政治学教授弗里德曼说,"他们中会有人给我们反馈."44当然,这种 公开渠道的间谍活动也有其风险,因为很难区分真假情报,而这正是斯特拉夫特公司兴旺 的关键. 弗里德曼在奥斯汀只有20名雇员,他们精明强干,其中有几名曾是军情人员.45他觉得 公司处于圈外正是其成功的关键.斯特拉夫特公司的简报不同于华盛顿的常规公文,在那 儿,机构部门出言谨慎,以防出错.弗里德曼说,斯特拉夫特公司自豪的便是,他有自己独立 的声音. [此贴子已经被作者于2004-7-19 16:02:30编辑过] |
| -- 作者：joankitty -- 发布时间：2004-7-18 22:15:00 -- 好人。继续加油哦！ |
| -- 作者：浅笑飞霞 -- 发布时间：2004-7-19 15:27:00 -- :)呵呵,总算有你在打气! |
| -- 作者：joankitty -- 发布时间：2004-7-19 16:45:00 -- 偶会一直支持你的哦！ |
| -- 作者：浅笑飞霞 -- 发布时间：2004-7-19 17:05:00 -- :)呵呵,小家伙,扫楼来了 不过,我领情! |
| -- 作者：绝情十六年 -- 发布时间：2004-7-20 9:16:00 -- 好东西，顶一下 |
| -- 作者：浅笑飞霞 -- 发布时间：2004-7-21 8:28:00 -- text3 最近几年铁路公司纷纷合并,形成超级集团,使得人们对垄断形成的关注不断升高.在不久 前的1995年,四大铁路公司的运营量还只占全国铁路运营总量的70 0/0 不到.明年,在一系列 的合并完成以后,这四大铁路公司将占主要铁路公司货运总量的90 0/0 以上. 支持超大铁路集团的人宣称,公司合并有利于大幅度地降低成本,也有利于铁路服务的调度 协调.51他们认为,垄断的威胁完全可以通过来自公路的激烈竞争而消减.但许多发货商则 抱怨说,像煤炭,化肥和粮食这样的大宗货物通过公路来运输成本太高,而铁路公司会因此 而主宰一切. 52铁路行业的大规模联合意味着,多数发货商将由唯一的一家铁路公司提供服务.铁路公司 向这些"被俘虏"的发货商索要的费用,通常比有竞争对手时高20 0/0 到30 0/0. 53那些 自觉被敲诈了的发货商有权向联邦政府的水陆交通理事会提出指控,要求降低费率,但过程 耗时,费用也高,只能在极端情况下使用. 铁路公司则认为,对被动发货商在费用上区别对待时合理的,因为从长远来看这回降低大家的 成本.他们认为,如果对所有的客户都收取一样的费用,那些可以转向公路或其他交通手段的 发货商就会转向,迫使剩余的客户承担维持铁路经营的成本费用. 54经济学家同意这种说法, 但实际上这使得铁路公司可以去决定那些公司兴旺,那些公司失败."我们真的要让铁路公司 成为企业在市场中成败的仲裁者么?"马丁.贝尔科维奇问道,他是一名经常代理发货商的 华盛顿律师. 52许多被动发货商还担心他们不久便会遭受一轮费率上升.55尽管铁路行业总的来说出现好的 转机,但尚未赚到可以补偿其所投入的大笔资金的利润,投入是为了应付不断膨胀的运量.而且, 铁路公司仍在借贷数十亿的资金相互兼并,华尔街则在旁边起哄.今年,纳发南方公司和CSX 投入了10.2亿美元兼并了康来公司,康来公司在1996年的运营净收入只有4.27亿美元,是上述 兼并交易额的一半不到,那么,谁来支付这笔差额那?许多被动发货商担心,随着纳发南方和 CSX对市场的控制力加强,发货商得去承担那些差额. |
| -- 作者：浅笑飞霞 -- 发布时间：2004-7-21 11:06:00 -- 以下是引用我要得不多在2004-7-21 8:35:47的发言： 这些天热得厉害，霞妹输入了这么多，一定挥汗如雨，可见热心非常，我代表即将考研的DDMM们由衷的感谢你！并希望你继续努力，多输入些东西，最好还有政治的，那我们就省得买书了！ 管理员同志，应该开个新版，就叫“考研资料”，飞霞自然是当之无愧的斑竹！ 呵呵,哈哈哈哈哈哈哈哈哈 我乐得都何不拢嘴了,有你这话,足够了:) |
| -- 作者：浅笑飞霞 -- 发布时间：2004-7-21 11:07:00 -- 以下是引用绝情十六年在2004-7-21 9:09:17的发言： 楼上那个翻译是飞霞自己翻译的吗？ 如果是的话，太佩服了 你扫楼又没把我给露了!呵呵,谢了. |
| -- 作者：浅笑飞霞 -- 发布时间：2004-7-21 11:10:00 -- text4 有人说,在英国死是无法抗拒的,在加拿大是不可避免的,而在美国却是可以选择的. 这种说法并不奇怪,过去的一百年中,美国人的寿命几乎增加了一倍.股骨出了毛病 可以换掉;临床性情绪消沉可以加以控制;白内障只需30分钟的外科手术便可摘除. 56这种医学进步使老年人的生活质量得到了很大提高,这在50年前我进入医疗行业时 时不可想象的.但是,再好的医护体系也不可能治愈死亡--我们不敢面对真实威胁着 我们的伟大智慧. 死亡是正常的;我们的基因设定了我们会解体,会死亡,即便在理想的环境中.某种程度 上我们都懂这个道理,但作为病人,我们却把死亡视为一个可以解决的问题.57由于有 第三方帮我们支付医疗的费用,我们便要求医生为我们做所能做的一切,尽管已毫无 用处.最明显的例子便是晚期癌症的护理.由于无法治好这种疾病,又害怕病人失去希望, 医生只得频繁地大量用药,乃至超出科学的合理性. 1950年,美国花掉了127亿美元用于健康治疗,到2002年,费用将达到15400亿美元,谁都 看得出这是难以为继的.然而,很少有人愿意去扭转这种趋势.有学者认为,资源有限的 国家政府应停止为一定年龄之后的生命维持支付费用--比如83岁左右.据说前科罗拉多 州州长理查德.拉默曾说过,老弱病残"有义务死去并让出道来"以便年轻健康的人能发挥 他们的潜力. 58我不会那么极端.精力充沛的人能干到60岁甚至更多已是常事,而且工作能力强得 令人瞠目.78岁的维尔康莫公司主席索姆那.莱德斯通曾戏称自己53岁.最高法院大 法官桑德拉.戴.欧克纳已70多岁,前外科医生协会主任C.维埃立特.库波80多岁还主持 了一个网站的起步工作.这些领导人便是活生生的证据,证明预防是可行的,而且我们能 处理一些随年龄而来的健康问题.我今年才68岁,我希望自己老了以后,能像他们一样能干. 58然而社会在这个方面的花费是有限的.作为医生我知道,那些最昂贵,最神奇的治疗 措施可能是无效和痛苦的.59我也知道,在日本和瑞典,这两个国家在医疗方面的花消远比我们少的多,但他们国家的人民比我们更长寿,更健康.作为一个国家,我们在寻求不可能的治疗方面 所投入的资金可能太多了,而在改善人们的生活的普通医疗研究方面的投入则不足. |
| -- 作者：浅笑飞霞 -- 发布时间：2004-7-21 11:13:00 -- 第一辑(外一辑) 2004年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 Section I Listening Comprehension Directions: This section is designed to test your ability to understand spoken English. You will hear a selection of recorded materials and you must answer the questions that accompany them. There are three parts in this section, Part A, Part B and Part C. Remember, while you are doing the test, you should first put down your answers in your test booklet. At the end of the listening comprehension section, you will have 5 minutes to transfer all your answers from your test booklet to ANSWER SHEET 1. Now look at Part A in your test booklet. Part A Directions: For questions 1 - 5, you will hear a talk about the geography of Belgium. While you listen, fill out the table with the information you have heard. Some of the information has been given to you in the table. Write only 1 word or number in each numbered box. You will hear the recording twice. You now have 25 seconds to read the table below. (5 points) Geography of Belgium Three main regions coastal plain central plateau 1 Highest altitude of the coastal plain m 2 Climate near the sea humid 3 Particularly rainy months of the years April 4 Average temperatures in July in Brussels low 13 ℃ high ℃ 5 Part B Directions: For Questions 6-10, you will hear an interview with Mr. Saffo from the Institute for the Future. While you listen, complete the sentences or answer the questions. Use not more than 3 words for each answer. You will hear the recording twice. You now have 25 seconds to read the sentences and questions below. (5 points) What is Saffo according to himself? The Institute for the Future provides services to private companies and The Institute believes that to think systematically about the long-range future is To succeed in anything, one should be flexible, curious and What does Saffo consider to be essential to the work of a team? 6 7 8 9 10 Part C Directions: You will hear three pieces of recorded material. Before listening to each one, you will have time to read the questions related to it. While listening, answer each question by choosing A, B, C or D. After listening, you will have time to check your answers. You will hear each piece once only. (10 points) Questions 11-13 are based on the following talk about naming newborns. You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 11-13. 11. What do we often do with the things we love? [A] Ask for their names. [B] Name babies after them. [C] Put down their names. [D] Choose names for them. 12. The unpleasant meaning of an old family name is often overlooked if [A] the family tree is fairly limited. [B] the family tie is strong enough. [C] the name is commonly used. [D] nobody in the family complains. 13. Several months after a baby’s birth, its name will [A] show the beauty of its own. [B] develop more associations. [C] lose the original meaning. [D] help form the baby’s personality. Questions 14 - 16 are based on the biography of Bobby Moore, an English soccer player. You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 14 - 16. 14. How many matches did Moore play during his professional career? [A] 90. [B] 108. [C] 180. [D] 668. 15. In 1964, Bobby Moore was made [A] England’s footballer of the year. [B] a soccer coach in West Germany. [C] a medalist for his sportsmanship. [D] a number of the Order of the British Empire. 16. After Moore retired from playing, the first thing he did was [A] editing Sunday Sport. [B] working for Capital Radio. [C] managing professional soccer teams. [D] developing a sports marketing company. Questions 17 - 20 are based on the following talk on the city of Belfast. You now have 20 seconds to read Questions 17 - 20. 17. Belfast has long been famous for its [A] oil refinery. [B] linen textiles. [C] food products. [D] deepwater port. 18. Which of the following does Belfast chiefly export? [A] Soap. [B] Grain. [C] Steel. [D] Tobacco. 19. When was Belfast founded? [A] In 1177. [B] In 1315. [C] In the 16th century. [D] In the 17th century. 20. What happened in Belfast in the late 18th century? [A] French refugees arrived. [B] The harbor was destroyed. [C] Shipbuilding began to flourish. [D] The city was taken by the English. You now have 5 minutes to transfer all your answers from your test booklet to ANSWER SHEET 1. [此贴子已经被作者于2004-7-21 11:19:42编辑过] |
| -- 作者：浅笑飞霞 -- 发布时间：2004-7-20 22:55:00 -- text2 46要去理解18世纪的政治家埃德蒙.波克说过的一句话,"如果好人不采取行动,那么一些被 误导了的运动就能得逞."现在就有这么一场运动,它试图终止生化研究,理由是动物有权 要求人们在研究活动中不再使用动物.科学家们必须对动物权利倡导者作出有利的反击, 因为这些人的言论蛊惑人心,并威胁到健康医疗的进步. 动物权利运动的倡导者之所以将 目标对准生化研究,是因为生化研依赖公共基金,而且人们对健康医疗的研究活动又不那么 了解.听到研究部门残忍地对待动物的宣传,不少人会困惑,会以为有人故意伤害动物. 例如,在最近一次街头集市上,一位服务于动物权利摊位的祖母级女士就在散发宣传册子, 鼓励读者不要使用任何涉及动物的物品--不要吃肉,不要毛皮服装,不要吃药.当被问及她 是否反对接种疫苗时她说想知道疫苗是否来自动物研究;当被确信来自动物研究时,她回答 说,"那么我反对."当在被问道,如果流行疾病再度卷土重来该怎么办时,她说,"别担心, 科学家会用计算机解决的." 48这些愿望善良的人们只是不了解情况. 科学家必须用一种富于同情,易于理解的方式将信息传递给公众,用人性化的语言,而非用 分子生物学的术语.我们必须澄清动物研究与祖母的股骨复位,父亲的导管手术,婴儿的 疫苗注射,甚至与宠物的注射之间的联系. 47对那些不了解只有通过动物研究才能开发 出治疗方案,才能开发新方案和新疫苗的人来说,动物研究朝好处想也只是浪费,而朝坏处 想则是残忍. 有许多事情要做,科学家可以"走进"中学课堂,介绍他们的科研活动,他们应尽快回答致 编辑们的信,以防动物权利倡导者借机伪装起真理的外表猖獗盛行.研究机构也应对游客 敞开,从而证明试验室动物受到了人道的对待. 50最后,由于投下赌注的最终还是那些病人, 所以,医学研究界不光要延请像斯特分.库博(他已勇敢地声明动物研究的价值)那样的知名 人士来支持自己的事业,还要邀请所有接收治疗的人来支持自己.如果好人再不行动,那 不明就里的公众们真可能会浇灭医疗发展的宝贵火种. |
| -- 作者：我要得不多 -- 发布时间：2004-7-21 8:35:00 -- 这些天热得厉害，霞妹输入了这么多，一定挥汗如雨，可见热心非常，我代表即将考研的DDMM们由衷的感谢你！并希望你继续努力，多输入些东西，最好还有政治的，那我们就省得买书了！ 管理员同志，应该开个新版，就叫“考研资料”，飞霞自然是当之无愧的斑竹！ |
| -- 作者：绝情十六年 -- 发布时间：2004-7-21 9:09:00 -- 楼上那个翻译是飞霞自己翻译的吗？ 如果是的话，太佩服了 |
| -- 作者：浅笑飞霞 -- 发布时间：2004-7-21 11:14:00 -- Section II Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) Many theories concerning the causes of juvenile delinquency (crimes committed by young people) focus either on the individual or on society as the major contributing influence. Theories (21) ____ on the individual suggest that children engage in criminal behavior (22) ____ they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds or that they have learned criminal behavior through (23) ____ with others. Theories focusing on the role of society that children commit crimes in (24) ____ to their failure to rise above their socioeconomic status (25) ____ as a rejection of middle-class values. Most theories of juvenile delinquency have focused on children from disadvantaged families, (26) ____ the fact that children from wealthy homes also commit crimes. The latter may commit crimes (27) ____ lack of adequate parental control. All theories, however, are tentative and are (28) ____ to criticism. Changes in the social structure may indirectly (29) ____ juvenile crime rates. For example, changes in the economy that (30) ____ to fewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment (31) ____ make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain. The resulting discontent may in (32) ____ lead more youths into criminal behavior. Families have also (33) ____ changes these years. More families consist of one parent households or two working parents; (34) ____, children are likely to have less supervision at home (35) ____ was common in the traditional family (36) ____. This lack of parental supervision is thought to be an influence on juvenile crime rates. Other (37) ____ causes of offensive acts include frustration or failure in school, the increased (38) ____ of drugs and alcohol, and the growing (39) ____ of child abuse and child neglect. All these conditions tend to increase the probability of a child committing a criminal act, (40) ____ a direct causal relationship has not yet been established. 21.[A] acting [B] relying [C] centering [D] cementing 22.[A] before [B] unless [C] until [D] because 23. [A] interactions [B] assimilation [C] cooperation [D] consultation 24. [A] return [B] reply [C] reference [D] response 25. [A] or [B] but rather [C] but [D] or else 26.[A] considering [B] ignoring [C] highlighting [D] discarding 27. [A] on [B] in [C] for [D] with 28. [A] immune [B] resistant [C] sensitive [D] subject 29. [A] affect [B] reduce [C] chock [D] reflect 30. [A] point [B] lead [C] come [D] amount 31. [A] in general [B] on average [C] by contrast [D] at length 32. [A] case [B] short [C] turn [D] essence 33. [A] survived [B] noticed [C] undertaken [D] experienced 34. [A] contrarily [B] consequently [C] similarly [D] simultaneously 35. [A] than [B] that [C] which [D] as 36. [A] system [B] structure [C] concept [D] heritage 37. [A] assessable [B] identifiable [C] negligible [D] incredible 38. [A] expense [B] restriction [C] allocation [D] availability 39. [A] incidence [B] awareness [C] exposure [D] popularity 40. [A] provided [B] since [C] although [D] supposing Section III Reading Comprehension Part A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your mowers on ANSWER SNEET 1. (40 points) |
| -- 作者：浅笑飞霞 -- 发布时间：2004-7-21 11:15:00 -- Text 1 Hunting for a job late last year, lawyer Gant Redmon stumbled across CareerBuilder, a job database on the Internet. He searched it with no success but was attracted by the site’s “personal search agent”. It’s an interactive feature that lets visitors key in job criteria such as location, title, and salary, then E-mails them when a matching position is posted in the database. Redmon chose the keywords legal, intellectual property, and Washington, D.C. Three weeks later, he got his first notification of an opening. “I struck gold,’ says Redmon, who E-mailed his resume to the employer and won a position as in-house counsel for a company. With thousands of career-related sites on the Internet, finding promising openings can be time-consuming and inefficient. Search agents reduce the need for repeated visits to the databases. But although a search agent worked for Redmon, career experts see drawbacks. Narrowing your criteria, for example, may work against you: “Every time you answer a question you eliminate a possibility.” says one expert. For any job search, you should start with a narrow concept —— what you think you want to do —— then broaden it. “None of these programs do that,” says another expert. “There’s no career counseling implicit in all of this.” Instead, the best strategy is to use the agent as a kind of tip service to keep abreast of jobs in a particular database; when you get E-mail, consider it a reminder to check the database again. “I would not rely on agents for finding everything that is added to a database that might interest me,” says the author of a job-searching guide. Some sites design their agents to tempt job hunters to return. When CareerSite’s agent sends out messages to those who have signed up for its service, for example, it includes only three potential jobs —— those it considers the best matches. There may be more matches in the database; job hunters will have to visit the site again to find them —— and they do. “On the day after we send our messages, we see a sharp increase in our traffic,” says Seth Peets, vice president of marketing for CareerSite. Even those who aren’t hunting for jobs may find search agents worthwhile. Some use them to keep a close watch on the demand for their line of work or gather information on compensation to arm themselves when negotiating for a raise. Although happily employed, Redmon maintains his agent at CareerBuilder. “You always keep your eyes open,” he says. Working with a personal search agent means having another set of eyes looking out for you. 41. How did Redmon find his job? [A] By searching openings in a job database. [B] By posting a matching position in a database. [C] By using a special service of a database. [D] By E-mailing his resume to a database. 42. Which of the following can be a disadvantage of search agents? [A] Lack of counseling. [B] Limited number of visits. [C] Lower efficiency. [D] Fewer successful matches. 43. The expression “tip service” (Line 4, Paragraph 3) most probably means [A] advisory. [B] compensation. [C] interaction. [D] reminder. 44. Why does CareerSite’s agent offer each job hunter only three job options? [A] To focus on better job matches. [B] To attract more returning visits. [C] To reserve space for more messages. [D] To increase the rate of success. 45. Which of the following is true according to the text? [A] Personal search agents are indispensable to job-hunters. [B] Some sites keep E-mailing job seekers to trace their demands. [C] Personal search agents are also helpful to those already employed. [D] Some agents stop sending information to people once they are employed. Text 2 Over the past century, all kinds of unfairness and discrimination have been condemned or made illegal. But one insidious form continues to thrive: alphabetism. This, for those as yet unaware of such a disadvantage, refers to discrimination against those whose surnames begin with a letter in the lower half of the alphabet. It has long been known that a taxi firm called AAAA cars has a big advantage over Zodiac cars when customers thumb through their phone directories. Less well known is the advantage that Adam Abbott has in life over Zoë Zysman. English names are fairly evenly spread between the halves of the alphabet. Yet a suspiciously large number of top people have surnames beginning with letters between A and K. Thus the American president and vice-president have surnames starting with B and C respectively; and 26 of George Bush’s predecessors (including his father) had surnames in the first half of the alphabet against just 16 in the second half. Even more striking, six of the seven heads of government of the G7 rich countries are alphabetically advantaged (Berlusconi, Blair, Bush, Chirac, Chrétien and Koizumi). The world’s three top central bankers (Greenspan, Duisenberg and Hayami) are all close to the top of the alphabet, even if one of them really uses Japanese characters. As are the world’s five richest men (Gates, Buffett, Allen, Ellison and Albrecht). Can this merely be coincidence? One theory, dreamt up in all the spare time enjoyed by the alphabetically disadvantaged, is that the rot sets in early. At the start of the first year in infant school, teachers seat pupils alphabetically from the front, to make it easier to remember their names. So short-sighted Zysman junior gets stuck in the back row, and is rarely asked the improving questions posed by those insensitive teachers. At the time the alphabetically disadvantaged may think they have had a lucky escape. Yet the result may be worse qualifications, because they get less individual attention, as well as less confidence in speaking publicly. The humiliation continues. At university graduation ceremonies, the ABCs proudly get their awards first; by the time they reach the Zysmans most people are literally having a ZZZ. Shortlists for job interviews, election ballot papers, lists of conference speakers and attendees: all tend to be drawn up alphabetically, and their recipients lose interest as they plough through them. 46. What does the author intend to illustrate with AAA A cars and Zodiac cars? [A] A kind of overlooked inequality. [B] A type of conspicuous bias. [C] A type of personal prejudice. [D] A kind of brand discrimination. 47. What can we infer from the first three paragraphs? [A] In both East and West, names are essential to success. [B] The alphabet is to blame for the failure of Zoë Zysman. [C] Customers often pay a lot of attention to companies’ names. [D] Some form of discrimination is too subtle to recognize. 48. The 4th paragraph suggests that [A] questions are often put to the more intelligent students. [B] alphabetically disadvantaged students often escape form class. [C] teachers should pay attention to all of their students. [D] students should be seated according to their eyesight. 49. What does the author mean by “most people are literally having a ZZZ” (Lines 2-3, Paragraph 5)? [A] They are getting impatient. [B] They are noisily dozing off. [C] They are feeling humiliated. [D] They are busy with word puzzles. 50. Which of the following is true according to the text? [A] People with surnames beginning with N to Z are often ill-treated. [B] VIPs in the Western world gain a great deal from alphabetism. [C] The campaign to eliminate alphabetism still has a long way to go. [D] Putting things alphabetically may lead to unintentional bias. Text 3 When it comes to the slowing economy, Ellen Spero isn’t biting her nails just yet. But the 47-year-old manicurist isn’t cutting, filling or polishing as many nails as she’d like to, either. Most of her clients spend $12 to $50 weekly, but last month two longtime customers suddenly stopped showing up. Spero blames the softening economy. “I’m a good economic indicator,” she says. “I provide a service that people can do without when they’re concerned about saving some dollars.” So Spero is downscaling, shopping at middle-brow Dillard’s department store near her suburban Cleveland home, instead of Neiman Marcus. “I don’t know if other clients are going to abandon me, too” she says. Even before Alan Greenspan’s admission that America’s red-hot economy is cooling, lots of working folks had already seen signs of the slowdown themselves. From car dealerships to Gap outlets, sales have been lagging for months as shoppers temper their spending. For retailers, who last year took in 24 percent of their revenue between Thanksgiving and Christmas, the cautious approach is coming at a crucial time. Already, experts say, holiday sales are off 7 percent from last year’s pace. But don’t sound any alarms just yet. Consumers seem only concerned, not panicked, and many say they remain optimistic about the economy’s long-term prospects, even as they do some modest belt-tightening. Consumers say they’re not in despair because, despite the dreadful headlines, their own fortunes still feel pretty good. Home prices are holding steady in most regions. In Manhattan, “there’s a new gold rush happening in the $4 million to $10 million range, predominantly fed by Wall Street bonuses,” says broker Barbara Corcoran. In San Francisco, prices are still rising even as frenzied overbidding quiets. “Instead of 20 to 30 offers, now maybe you only get two or three,” says john Deadly, a Bay Area real-estate broker. And most folks still feel pretty comfortable about their ability to find and keep a job. Many folks see silver linings to this slowdown. Potential home buyers would cheer for lower interest rates. Employers wouldn’t mind a little fewer bubbles in the job market. Many consumers seem to have been influenced by stock-market swings, which investors now view as a necessary ingredient to a sustained boom. Diners might see an upside, too. Getting a table at Manhattan’s hot new Alain Ducasse restaurant need to be impossible. Not anymore. For that, Greenspan & Co. may still be worth toasting. 51. By “Ellen Spero isn’t biting her nails just yet”(Line 1, Paragraph 1), the author means [A] Spero can hardly maintain her business. [B] Spero is too much engaged in her work. [C] Spero has grown out of her bad habit. [D] Spero is not in a desperate situation. 52. How do the public feel about the current economic situation? [A] Optimistic. [B] Confused. [C] Carefree. [D] Panicked. 53. When mentioning “the $4 million to $10 million range” (Lines 3-4, Paragraph 3) the author is talking about. [A] gold market. [B] real estate. [C] stock exchange. [D] venture investment. 54. Why can many people see “silver linings” to the economic showdown? [A] They would benefit in certain ways. [B] The stock market shows signs of recovery. [C] Such a slowdown usually precedes a boom. [D] The purchasing power would be enhanced. 55. To which of the following is the author likely to agree? [A] A now boom, on the horizon. [B] Tighten the belt, the single remedy. [C] Caution all right, panic not. [D] The more ventures, the more chances. Text 4 Americans today don’t place a very high value on intellect. Our heroes are athletes, entertainers, and entrepreneurs, not scholars. Even our schools are where we send our children to get a practical education —— not to pursue knowledge for the sake of knowledge. Symptoms of pervasive anti-intellectualism in our schools aren’t difficult to find. “Schools have always been in a society where practical is more important than intellectual,” says education writer Diane Ravitch. “Schools could be a counterbalance.” Razitch’s latest bock, Left Back: A Century of Failed School Reforms, traces the roots of anti-intellectualism in our schools, concluding they are anything but a counterbalance to the American distaste for intellectual pursuits. But they could and should be. Encouraging kids to reject the life of the mind leaves them vulnerable to exploitation and control. Without the ability to think critically, to defend their ideas and understand the ideas of others, they cannot fully participate in our democracy. Continuing along this path, says writer Earl Shorris, “We will become a second-rate country. We will have a less civil society.” “Intellect is resented as a form of power or privilege,” writes historian and professor Richard Hofstadter in Anti-Intellectualism in American life, a Pulitzer Prize winning book on the roots of anti-intellectualism in US politics, religion, and education. From the beginning of our history, says Hofstadter, our democratic and populist urges have driven us to reject anything that smells of elitism. Practicality, common sense, and native intelligence have been considered more noble qualities than anything you could learn from a book. Ralph Waldo Emerson and other Transcendentalist philosophers thought schooling and rigorous book learning put unnatural restraints on children:“We are shut up in schools and college recitation rooms for 10 or 15 years and come out at last with a bellyful of words and do not know a thing.”Mark Twain’s Huckleberry Finn exemplified American anti-intellectualism. Its hero avoids being civilized —— going to school and learning to read —— so he can preserve his innate goodness. Intellect, according to Hofstadter, is different from native intelligence, a quality we reluctantly admire. Intellect is the critical, creative, and contemplative side of the mind. Intelligence seeks to grasp, manipulate, re-order, and adjust, while intellect examines, ponders, wonders, theorizes, criticizes and imagines. School remains a place where intellect is mistrusted. Hofstadter says our country’s educational system is in the grips of people who “joyfully and militantly proclaim their hostility to intellect and their eagerness to identify with children who show the least intellectual promise.” 56. What do American parents expect their children to acquire in school? [A] The habit of thinking independently. [B] Profound knowledge of the world. [C] Practical abilities for future career. [D] The confidence in intellectual pursuits. 57. We can learn from the text that Americans have a history of [A] undervaluing intellect. [B] favoring intellectualism. [C] supporting school reform. [D] suppressing native intelligence. 58. The views of Ravish and Emerson on schooling are [A] identical. [B] similar. [C] complementary. [D] opposite. 59. Emerson, according to the text, is probably [A] a pioneer of education reform. [B] an opponent of intellectualism. [C] a scholar in favor of intellect. [D] an advocate of regular schooling. 60. What does the author think of intellect? [A] It is second to intelligence. [B] It evolves from common sense. [C] It is to be pursued. [D] It underlies power. |
| -- 作者：浅笑飞霞 -- 发布时间：2004-7-21 11:15:00 -- Part B Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(10 points) The relation of language and mind has interested philosophers for many centuries. (61) The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be. Only recently did linguists begin the serious study of languages that were very different from their own. Two anthropologist-linguists, Franz Boas Edward Sapir, were pioneers in describing many native languages of North and South America during the first half of the twentieth century. (62) We are obliged to them because some of these languages have since vanished, as the peoples who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages. Other linguists in the earlier part of this century, however, who were less eager to deal with bizarre data from “exotic” language, were not always so grateful. (63) The newly described languages were often so strikingly different from the well studied languages of Europe and Southeast Asia that some scholars even accused Boas and Sapir of fabricating their data Native American languages are indeed different, so much so in fact that Navajo could be used by the US military as a code during World War II to send secret messages. Sapir’s pupil, Benjamin Lee Whorf, continued the study of American Indian languages. (64) Being interested in the relationship of language and thought, Whorf developed the idea that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society. He reasoned that because the structure of habitual thought in a society. He reasoned that because it is easier to formulate certain concepts and not others in a given language, the speakers of that language think along one track and not along another. (65) Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism which, in its strongest form, states that language imprisons the mind, and that the grammatical patterns in a language can produce far-reaching consequences for the culture of a society. Later, this idea became to be known as the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, but this term is somewhat inappropriate. Although both Sapir and Whorf emphasized the diversity of languages ,Sapir himself never explicitly supported the notion of linguistic determinism. |
| -- 作者：浅笑飞霞 -- 发布时间：2004-7-21 11:21:00 -- 04的题目从网上粘过来的,1-5的听力是表格, 我也没办法了. |
| -- 作者：浅笑飞霞 -- 发布时间：2004-7-21 11:27:00 -- 2004年考研英语试题参考答案 partA 1highlands 220 3mild 4November 522 partB 6a (technology) forecaster 7government agencies 8(a) meaningful (exercise) 9open to change 10trust and coorperation partC 11--20 dbcda cbaac |
| -- 作者：浅笑飞霞 -- 发布时间：2004-7-21 11:29:00 -- 21--40 cdada bcdab acdba bbdac 41--60 cadbc adcbd dabac cadbc |
| -- 作者：浅笑飞霞 -- 发布时间：2004-7-21 11:34:00 -- 61希腊人认为,语言结构与思维过程之间存在着某种联系.这一观点在人们尚未认识到 语言的千差万别以前就早已在欧洲扎下了根. 62我们之所以感激他们(两位先驱),是因为在此之后,这些土著语言中有一些已经不复存在了, 这是由于说这些语言的部族或是消亡了,或是被同化而丧失了自己的本族语言. 63这些新近被描述的语言,与已经得到充分研究的欧洲和东南亚地区的语言往往差别显著, 以至于有些学者甚至指责Boas和Sapir编造了材料. 64whorf对语言与思维的关系很感兴趣,逐渐形成了这样的观点:在一个社会中,语言的 结构决定思维习惯的结构. 65whorf进而相信某种类似语言决定论的观点,其极端说法是:语言禁锢思维,并且,一门语言 的语法方式能够对一个社会的文化产生深远的影响. [此贴子已经被作者于2004-7-21 11:44:51编辑过] |